Peru

The Caral–Supe civilization emerges, marking one of the earliest known civilizations in the Americas.

The National University of San Marcos in Lima is established, becoming the first higher education institution in the Americas.

Peru formally proclaims its independence from Spain.

Peru completes its independence following military campaigns and the decisive battle of Ayacucho.

The War of the Pacific begins, leading to significant political and economic changes in Peru.

The Plan Verde is implemented, shifting Peru towards neoliberal economics under Alberto Fujimori.

The early 2000s see a political crisis and economic expansion leading to poverty reduction in Peru.

A period of unrest begins, exacerbated by political crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.