Mali

The Mali Empire reached its peak, becoming the wealthiest country in Africa under Emperor Mansa Musa.

The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the Mali Empire, marking the end of its dominance.

A Saadian army defeated the Songhai Empire, further altering the regional power dynamics.

Mali achieved independence from French colonial rule, transitioning to the Republic of Mali.

A coup led to the establishment of a new constitution and a democratic, multi-party state.

An armed conflict broke out as Tuareg rebels took control of northern territory and declared independence.

In response to the conflict, the French military launched Operation Serval to recapture northern Mali.

Presidential elections were held, restoring a democratic process after the coup.

A coup led by Colonel Assimi Goïta overthrew the Mali government, initiating a period of instability.

A second coup took place, further consolidating military control over the government.

The ruling junta dissolved all political parties, tightening its grip on power.

Transitional parliament granted Colonel Goïta a renewable five-year presidential term.

Al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM imposed a blockade on fuel imports, causing economic disruption in major cities.