India

Caste emerged within Hinduism as Buddhism and Jainism proclaimed social orders detached from heredity.

The Delhi Sultanate was established, integrating northern India into medieval Islamic networks.

The Mughal Empire was founded, leading to two centuries of economic expansion and architectural legacy.

British control over India was formalized, leading to significant changes in governance and economy.

India gained independence from British rule, resulting in partition and the creation of Pakistan.

India became a federal republic with a democratic parliamentary system and a new constitution.